12^th World Pediatric Congress

Behavioral disorders include issues in child’s learning and behavior during development stages. These are the ultimate reasons for which parents are often suggested to take their kids for various mental health assessments and treatment as these disorders, if neglected in childhood, then can adversely affect a person’s ability to grip a job and sustain in a relationships.  There are two main types of behavioural disorders, such as: oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Behavioral disorders can be caused by biological, environmental, social, and psychological factors. Behavioral disorders are common which generally occurs in about 16% to 24% children and youth, from pre-schooler to teens. In children, it lasts for about 6 months and cause problems in schools, at home and other social situations.

Child abuse can be physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual. It is wide spread and can occur in any cultural, ethnic, or income groups. It can result serious injury to the child, both physically and mentally and can possibly cause death. Child safety is one of the most crucial matters that need to be addressed in any social setting for physiological well- being and justice system. Mishandling a Child is more than wounds and broken bones, since it scars them for life. By finding out about general precursors of abuse and what we would be able to do intervene, we can have an enormous effect in a child’s life. Children’s lives are shaped by their experiences including what happens in their environment (such as homes, schools and neighbourhoods) and the type of relationships they have with parents, teachers, and other caretakers. Close and trusted relationships with aseptic environments are necessary to avoid negative experiences and are also necessary to assure the long-term physical and emotional well-being of children.

 Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that involves the medical care of new-born babies, who are sick or require special medical care as a result of prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, birth defects, sepsis, and pulmonary hypoplasia or birth asphyxias. It is a hospital based speciality and is generally practised in neonatal intensive care units. Neonatologists are medicinal specialists who practice in NICU, also called Neonatal Intensive Care Units, which is a hospital department dedicated completely for new born infants.

Autoimmune diseases in children are rare, and hence challenging to diagnose and treat when it occurs. Autoimmune disorders are mostly chronic and studies are still trying to find the root cause and prognosis of autoimmune disorders. Disorders that result from any unusual immune response are termed as autoimmune disorders.  Autoimmune disease is a state arising from antibody-mediated immune response abnormalities to a normal body part. If a pregnant woman has an autoimmune disorder — for example, lupus — those antibodies can be passed through the placenta to the infant, who then will have the identical antibodies for about four to six months and may have symptoms, which are then called neonatal lupus. In an autoimmune disease, a mutation causes the immune system to attack healthy cells and tissues and can affect any part of the body but mostly target connective tissues (skin, muscle and joints). Symptoms are fatigue, rashes, and in worst cases- seizures.

Pediatric Cardiology is a branch of medication dealing with disorders of the heart and the circulatory system. The heart is the principal organ to form in foetus. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who represent considerable specialization in cardiology. The scope of Pediatric Cardiologists includes evaluating and caring for foetuses and neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatric Cardiology includes Intensive Cardiac Care, Fetal Cardiology, Preventive Cardiology, Congenital Heart Defects, Coronary Artery Disease, Valvular Heart Disease, Cardiac Catheterization and Intervention, Electrophysiology, Exercise Physiology, Imaging, Heart Failure, Transplantation, and Pulmonary Hypertension.

Pediatric dentistry deals with teeth and oral condition of children. Pediatric Dentistry is an age-defined specialty that provides both primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants and children through adolescence, including those with special health care needs. Paediatric dentistry is a specialty based not on a particular skill set, but encompassing all of dentistry's technical skills against a philosophical background of understanding child development in health and disease.

Pediatric Dermatology is related to the skin care of children with skin disorders, even if they are smooth or rough, collected or genetic. Hair and nail treatments are also included in this division. The presence of the skin provides the medical attendant fundamental hints with respect to the gestational age, dietary status, capacity of organs such as the heart and liver, and the presence of cutaneous or systemic ailment. It is important for the nurses to be familiar with the characteristic changes in the skin of the baby, and those alterations that imply sickness. In case of neonates and toddlers, there are numerous infectious related to skin. Pediatric Dermatologists are especially trained in dermatology and pediatrics. Along with their precise knowledge of the demands of children's skin, they work hard with physicians in other specialties, including immunologists, rheumatologists, allergists, geneticists, surgeons and plastic surgeons.

Pediatric Gastroenterology deals with the diseases or investigation of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreas, intestines, and management of their disorders. It is developed as a sub-speciality of pediatrics and gastroenterology. The common diseases associated with it are acute diarrhoea, persistent vomiting, gastritis, ulcers, and other gastro-intestinal problems like inflammation. Proper functioning of the gastric tract and the internal health is related to the nutrition that the child or its mother receives.

Pediatric Nephrology and Urology is associated with the conditions affecting the kidneys, ureter, urethra, bladder, penis and testes.  Pediatric Nephrology is a sub-speciality of both- medicine and pediatrics that is concerned with the kidneys. This division evaluates and treats hypertension, nephrolithiasis, proteinuria, haematuria, renal tubular acidosis, glomerulonephritis and kidney failure. Pediatric urology is a subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems. Pediatric urologists are giving their best to provide care from neonates to adolescence. The common disorders are urinary tract infections, Bladder incontinence, Vesicoureteral Reflux, Bed Wetting, Overactive Bladder, Hematuria, posthitis, balanitis, and varicocele. Urological disorders represent around 33% of every single surgical admission to ER.

Pediatric Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological conditions in neonates, infants, children and adolescents. Pediatric neurology includes disorders of CNS, spine, spinal cord, muscles and other reflexive disorders. Various studies and clinical research are being undertaken to understand the development of nervous system and the pathologic processes that underlie neurological disorders in children. The neurologists deal with disorders ranging from migraine, cerebral palsy, genetic disorders, metabolic abnormalities, congenital birth defects, epilepsy, trauma and other neuro-degenerative disorders.

Pediatric Nursing is the therapeutic care of neonates and infants up to pre-adulthood, in an in-patient hospital or day-clinic. The principle part of pediatric nurses is to regulate direct strategies and medications to infants as indicated by prescribed nursing care plans. Pediatric nurses are relied upon to have a quick reaction and stressful situations during threatening conditions. Neonatal nursing focuses in giving support to new born premature babies and their parents while experiencing medical issues, such as birth defects, diseases, or heart deformities. Numerous neonatal nurses work in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), giving exceedingly specific medicinal care to the new-borns in risk.

 Pediatric Oncology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of tumors and cancer in children. It is one of the complicated sub-fields since the death rate connected with different malignancies is still high in children. The treatment of childhood cancer relies upon a few factors, including the stage and type of cancer, genetic factors, possible side effects of medicines, the family's preferences, and the child’s overall health. The most common childhood cancer types include leukemia, brain tumours and lymphomas.

Pediatric surgery is a super speciality of surgery which includes the surgery of neonates, babies, children, and adolescents. The incidence of pediatric surgery rose in the middle of the 20th century with the merger of medicine and technology and since then surgical care of infants and children has been improved. In pediatric surgery unique sorts of novel strategies and techniques are regularly used at children hospital. Sub specialties of pediatric surgery include: neonatal surgery, foetal surgery, pediatric cardiothoracic surgery, pediatric nephrological surgery, pediatric neurosurgery, and pediatric emergency surgery.

   Pediatric perinatology is concerned with the embryo and the wellbeing during incubation period. It is a subspecialty of obstetrics concerned with the care of the baby and complicated high risk pregnancies. The perinatal period, begins at the 20th to 28th week of development and ends 1 to 4 weeks after birth. Perinatology consistently can be an obstetrical and pediatric subspecialty but, it is only a part of obstetrics. The comparable region of paediatrics is neonatology. A high-risk infant can be cared by a perinatologiest before birth and by a neonatologist after birth. Perinatology plays a major part of the pediatric children infections conditions. This incorporates the therapeutic wellbeing condition of new born children.